طراحی کامل یک قالب احتمالا چالش برانگیز ترین کار در زمینه پردازش پلاستیک ها و به خصوص در قالب های تزریق پلاستیک به شمار می رود. پارامترهای موثر قالب عبارتند از: کیفیت، عملکرد، سودآوری قطعات پلاستیکی و... همچنین تکنولوژی پیشرفته کامپیوتر و نه پیچیده نرم افزارهای تحلیل (CAE) می تواند جایگزین تجارب مفید مهندسین طراح قالب گردد. به همین دلیل کتاب Castrow به مهندسین پلاستیک خاص اشاره می نماید، در این ویرایش از کتاب 130 طرح قالب و ساخت آن به کتاب افزوده شده است. هر یک از این طرح ها در واقع در صنعت ساخته شده، تست گردیده و محصول پلاستیکی را موفقیت تولید نموده است.

قالب تزریق پلاستیک

قالب آهنگری و فورج

قالب هیدروفرمینگ

کتاب قالب های تزریق به انضمام 130 طرح قالب اثبات شده (Injection Molds, 130 Proven Designs)، یکی از بهترین کتاب ها در زمینه طراحی قالب های تزریق می باشد. موضوعی که در این کتاب بسیار حائز اهمیت است، وجود 130 طرح (نقشه فنی) از قالب های تزریق است که همگی در صنعت طراحی، تست و ساخته شده اند (بخش 3 از فهرست کتاب را در زیر ملاحظه بفرمایید).

قالب فلزی و برش

راهنمای جامع طراحی قالب

مهندسی طراحی قالب های تزریق پلاستیک

طراحان می توانند از این طرح های آماده (نقشه های فنی قالب) در طراحی های خود الگو برداری نمایند و این کتاب می تواند برای طراحان قالب های تزریق بسیار مفید واقع گردد. این کتاب مشتمل بر 326 صفحه، در 3 فصل، به زبان انگلیسی، همراه با تصاویر به ترتیب زیر گردآوری شده است:

Chapter 1: Principles of Mold Design

• Types of Injection Molds
• Types of Runners and Gates
• Temperature Control in Injection Molds
• Types of Ejectors
• Types of Undercuts
• Special Designs
• Standard Mold Components
• Status of Standardization
• Material Selection
• Surface Treatment Methods
• Special Materials
• Molds for Processing Thermosets
• Molds for Processing Elastomers

Chapter 2: Special Design Features of the Mold Examples

Chapter 3: Examples

• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Polyethylene Cover
• Two-Cavity Unscrewing Mold for a Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide Threaded Plug
• Injection Mold for the Body of a Tape-Cassette Holder Made from High-Impact Polystyrene
• Five-Cavity Injection Mold for Tablet Tubes Made from Polystyrene
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for a Polyamide Joint Element
• Mold Base with Interchangeable Inserts to Produce Standard Test Specimens
• Two-Cavity Rotary Core Mold for a Polyacetal Pipe Elbow
• Hot Runner Injection Mold for Car Front Fender
• Injection Mold for Magnifying Glass Frame with Handle
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Glue Dispenser Made from High- Density Polyethylene (PE-HD)
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for a Housing Made from Acrylonitrile- Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for a Nozzle Housing Made from Polyamide
• Single Split Cavity Mold for a Threaded Plug Made from Polyacetal
  (POM)
• Molding a Container with External Undercuts
• Injection Mold with Reduced Opening Stroke for Milk Crates
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for Recessed Refrigerator Handles Made from Polyamide
• Injection Mold for a Grass Catcher Made from Polypropylene
• Injection Mold for Hose Connectors Made from Polyamide 6.6
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for the Coil Form of an Auxiliary Relay
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Housing Made from Polypropylene
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for Producing a Thrust Screw Made from Polyacetal
• Mold for a Pump Housing and Pump Piston Made from Polyacetal
• Hot-Runner Injection Mold for Two Film Spools Made from High- Impact Polystyrene
• Injection Mold for an Angle Fitting
• Mold for Bushings with Concealed Gating
• Injection Mold for the Valve Housing of a Water-Mixing Tap Made from Polyacetal
• Mold for a Lid with Three Threads Made from Polyacetal
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for Coupling Sleeves Made from Polyamide
• Injection Mold for the Housing of a Polypropylene Vegetable Dicer
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Polypropylene Toy Tennis Racket
• Two Injection Molds with Two-Step Ejection Process
• Injection Mold for a Polypropylene Container with a Threaded Neck
• Three-Plate Injection Mold with Stripping Device for a Precision
  Magazine
• Three-Cavity Injection Mold for a Cosmetic Cream Container with a
  Threaded Lid
• Mold for a Polyamide V-Belt Pulley
• Cavity Hot-Runner Stack Mold for Yoghurt Cups Made from Polypropylene
• Cavity Stack Mold for Covers Made from Polypropylene
• Cavity Stack Mold for a Case Made from Polypropylene
• Four-Cavity Hot-Runner Stack Mold for Producing Automotive Inner
  Sill Trim Made from Polypropylene
• Hot-Runner Stack Mold for a Water Distribution Block Made from
  Polypropylene
• Cavity Stack Mold for Lozenge Box Made from Polystyrene
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Back Light Casing Made from ABS
• Cavity Stack Mold with a Hot-Runner System for Runnerless
  Molding of Polystyrene Container Lids Using Direct Edge Gating
• Cavity Hot-Runner Stack Mold for Dessert Cups Made from
  Polypropylene
• Hot-Runner Mold for Bumper Fascia Made from Thermoplastic
  Elastomer
• Four-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Threaded Covers Made from SAN
• Two-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Trim Bezels Made from ABS
• Four-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Control Flap Made from Polyacetal
  Copolymer
• Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Seals Made from Thermoplastic
  Elastomer (TPE)
• Eight-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for PP Toothpaste Dispenser
• Two-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Tubs Made from Polyethylene
• Two-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Production of Connectors Made
  from Polycarbonate
• Four-Cavity Hot-Runner Unscrewing Mold for Cap Nuts Made from
  Polyacetal (POM)
• Four-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold with a Special Ejector System for
  a Retainer Made from Polypropylene
• Cavity Two-Component Injection Mold for Microswitch
  Covers Made from Polyamide and Thermoplastic Elastomer
• Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Production of Packings Made from
  Polyethylene
• Cavity Hot-Runner Mold with Edge Gates for Bushings Made from
  Polyacetal Copolymer
• Hot-Runner Mold for a Polycarbonate Sight Glass
• Two-Component Injection Mold for Drink Can Holders Made from
  Polypropylene and Ethylene-Propylene Terpolymer
• Hot-Runner Mold for Polypropylene Clamping Ring with Internal
  Undercut around the Circumference
• Injection Mold for Compact Discs Made from Polycarbonate
• Single-Cavity Injection Compression Mold for a Cover Plate Made
  from Unsaturated Polyester Resin
• Two-Cavity Injection Compression Mold for a Housing Component
  Made from a Thermosetting Resin
• Injection Compression Mold for a Plate Made from Melamine Resin
• Five-Cavity Unscrewing Mold for Ball Knobs Made from a Thermoset
  Resin
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for a Thin-Walled Housing Made from a
  Thermosetting Resin
• Thermoset Injection Mold for a Bearing Cover
• Eight-Cavity Injection Mold for Manufacturing Bellows Made from
  Silicone Rubber
• Two Injection Molds for Overmolding of Polyamide Tubing for
  Automobile Power Window Operators
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Housing Base Made from Polycarbonate
• Connector of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide with Opposing
  Female Threads
• Cylindrical Thermoplastic Container with Reduced-Diameter Opening a Study in Part Release
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Lighting Fixture Cover Made from
  Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
• Injection Mold for a Housing of Polycarbonate with a Thread Insert
• Mold for Long, Thin, Tubular Parts Made from Polystyrene
• Insulated Runner Mold for Three Specimen Dishes Made from
  Polystyrene
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Polypropylene Emergency Button
• Eight-Cavity Injection Mold for Battery Caps with Undivided External
  Thread and Sealing Cone
• Injection Mold for a Curved Pouring Spout
• Injection Mold for an ABS Spectacle Frame
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Cover Made from Glass-Fiber
  Reinforced Polyamide
• Two-Cavity Two-Component Injection Mold for a PC/ABS Bezel
  with a PMMA Window
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for Runnerless Production of Polycarbonate Optical Lenses
• Injection Mold with Hydraulic Core Pull for a Cable Socket
• Eight-Cavity Hot-Runner Injection Mold for Polyethylene Caps
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for Pipets
• Two-Cavity Mold for Water Tap Handles
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for the Automatic Molding of Conveyor
  Plates onto a Wire Cable
• Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Producing Curtain-Ring Rollers
  Made from Polyacetal Copolymer
• Injection Mold with Attached Hydraulic Core Pull for Automatic
  Measuring Tube Production
• Three-Cavity Injection Mold for Liquid-Measuring Cylinders
• Cavity Hot-Runner Injection Mold for Polyacetal Spool Cores
• Two-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for Loudspeaker Covers Made from
  Polyacetal
• Injection Mold with Air Ejection for Polypropylene Cups
• Molds for Manufacturing Optical Lenses
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Polycarbonate Steam Iron Reservoir
  Insert
• Injection Mold with Pneumatic Sprue Bushing for a Headlight Housing
  Made from Polypropylene
• Injection Mold for a Mounting Plate (Outsert Technique)
• Twelve-Cavity Hot-Runner Mold for a Polyphthalamide (PPA)
  Microhousing
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for Handle Covers Made from Glass-
  Fiber-Reinforced Polyacetal
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for Thin-Walled Sleeves Made from
  Polyester
• Injection Mold for a Thermoplastic Microstructure
• Injection Mold for Production of Adjustable Climate Control Vents
  via 3-Shot Molding
• Two-Cavity Hot-Runner Injection Mold for an ABS Cover
• Six-Cavity Injection Mold for Retaining Nuts with Metal Inserts
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Switch Housing Made from
  Polyacetal
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Snap Ring Made from Polyacetal
• Injection Mold for High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Trash Can
  Lids
• Single-Cavity Hot-Runner Injection Mold for an Air Vent Housing
  Made from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
• Single-Cavity Hot-Runner Injection Mold for an ABS Housing
• Single-Cavity Runnerless Injection Mold for a Polystyrene Junction
  Box
• Four-Cavity Hot-Runner Injection Mold for a Polyamide 6,6 Joining
  Plate
• Cavity Hot-Runner Stack Mold for Hinged Covers
• Cavity Mold with Cold-Runner System for Liquid Silicone Rubber
  (LSR) Caps
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for a Styrene-Acrylonitrile Safety Closure
• Four-Cavity Unscrewing Mold for Threaded Polypropylene Closures
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for Polyester Dispenser Heads
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for PMMA Lighting Fixture Cover
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for Polyacetal Hinges
• Eight-Cavity Injection Mold for PE-HD Threaded Caps
• Two-Cavity Cold-Runner Injection Mold for Thermoset Ashtrays
• Single-Cavity Mold for a Polypropylene Cutlery Basket
• Two-Cavity Injection Mold for Cover Plates
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for Polystyrene Caps (Mold Frame with
  Interchangeable Inserts)
• Single-Cavity Injection Compression Mold for Thermoset V-Belt
  Pulley (Injection Transfer Mold)
• Eight-Cavity Cold-Runner Injection Mold for Thermoset Elastomer
  Strain Reliefs
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a PE-HD Clothes Hanger Produced
  via Gas-Assisted Injection Molding
• Single-Cavity Injection Mold for a Syringe Shield Produced via
  Metal Injection Molding (MIM)
• Three-Station Mold for a Handtool Handle
• Four-Cavity Injection Mold for Couplings Produced via Metal
  Injection Molding (MIM)

جهت دانلود کتاب قالب های تزریق به انضمام 130 طرح قالب اثبات شده (Injection Molds, 130 Proven Designs)، بر لینک زیر کلیک نمایید.

قالب های تزریق به انضمام 130 طرح قالب آماده اثبات شده

مجموعه مقالات فرآیند اکستروژن (Extrusion Process Lectures)، یک مجموعه کاربردی و مفید از مقالات مرتبط با فرآیند اکستروژن است که مشتمل بر 8 مقاله به زبان فارسی و 5 مقاله به زبان انگلیسی، تایپ شده، به همراه تصاویر رنگی، نمودارها، روابط ریاضی و... با فرمت PDF، به ترتیب زیر گردآوری شده است و همچنین این مقالات می تواند به عنوان منبع کمکی جهت پایان نامه ها و پروژه های دانشجویی استفاده شود:

مقالات فارسی

مقاله 1: تحلیل سیلان مواد در فرآیند اکستروژن مقطع شش ضلعی منتظم به روش المان محدود

مقاله 2: طراحی قالب اکستروژن پلاستیک به کمک رایانه، توازن سرعت های خروجی

مقاله 3: تدوین روشی جهت تحلیل خستگی قالب های اکستروژن سرد به کمک روش اجزاء محدود

مقاله 4: بررسی ساختار و رفتار خزشی آلیاژ WE54 در شرایط مختلف اکسترود شده

مقاله 5: شبیه سازی فرآیند اکستروژن لوله های آلومنیومی و بررسی نقش هندسه پل های تقسیم جریان مواد و محفظه جوش قالب در این فرآیند

مقاله 6: مطالعه فرآیند اکستروژن مستقیم میله های مرکب مس آلومنیوم

مقاله 7: طراحی ماشین اکسترودر غلتکی جهت گرانولاسیون مواد پودری

مقاله 8: تحلیل فرآیند اکستروژن پیچشی در قالب با سطح مقطع بیضوی با استفاده از روش کران بالا

مقالات انگلیسی

Lecture 1: Experimental and Numerical Study of Optimum Die Profile in Backward Rod Extrusion of Lead

In this paper, the stress and load relations in backward rod extrusion of lead have been obtained by the slab method for curved die profile. By the use of a developed computer program, the optimum die profile has been obtained on the basis of minimization of stress and load in die-workpiece contact surface. By using the FEM software, ABAQUS, the optimum die angle for the conical die is also determined. Then, the finite-element and experimental load-displacement curves have been determined. It is illustrated that the extrusion load for optimum curved die is reduced
by 11%, compared to that in the optimum conical di .

Lecture 2: Automatic Design and Experimental Evaluation of Bearings in Extrusion Dies

This paper deals with the assignment of the bearings in extrusion dies. They are designed automatically based on medial axis transform that is a mathematical transformation method. Besides, a low cost experimental method, named physical modeling, is used to evaluate the designed bearing lengths. Novel software that supports such approach is developed in VisualBasic using API (Application Programming Interface) libraries of SolidWorks. The final 3D model could be used to get machining tool paths for CNC Machines.

Lecture 3: Numerical Study of the Effects of Ultrasonic Vibrations on the Extrusion Process

In ultrasonic vibration cold forward extrusion, the bars are extruded while the ultrasonic vibrations are applied to the die. Few attempts have been made to analyze the wire drawing, deep drawing, upsetting and rolling processes while the ultrasonic vibrations were applied during the processes. No attempts have been made to investigate on the effects of ultrasonic vibrations on the forward extrusion process, yet. A detailed analysis and understanding of the mechanism of improvement is not possible on the basis of conventional experimental observations because ultrasonic vibration processing phenomenon occur at high speeds. Therefore, in order to advance the understanding of the mechanism of ultrasonic vibration extrusion, the finite element analysis was used. The ABAQUS explicit code was used for the FEM. The results were compared with conventional cold forward extrusion. Simulations were performed for various amplitudes, frequencies, friction factors and reductions. Extrusion force versus punch
travel and stress-strain distributions in the extruded parts were analyzed. From these studies, the improved extrusion characteristics such as extrusion force and material flow stress were described.

Lecture 4: Prediction of Temperature Distribution during Semi-Solid Forward Extrusion by Using Finite Volume Method

Today the development of innovative production technologies has became a major factor in global competition. One of these innovative production technologies in metal forming field is semi-solid forming (SSF). Especially for metals that are difficult to process with conventional technologies, semi-solid metal forming offers the possibility of significant gains in product quality and productivity of the forming process. In current study, one of the most conventional procedures between semi-solid forming processes, i.e. thixo forward extrusion, has been analyzed. In fact this process has
been simulated by using the SupperForge software that is based on the finite volume method. As one of the purposed results of simulation, temperature distribution in whole workpiece at different steps of forming process has been studied. Based on simulated process results, temperature distribution can be influenced by different process parameters including on extrusion ratio, die angle and punch velocity

Lecture 5: Analysis of the effect parameters on the radial extrude (radial forging) process by a 2D finite element method (FEM

Radial forging is a forging process in which one or two punches move axially causing a radial flow into a die cavity by means of which a flange is formed. This process is used in producing of pulley and gears on a shaft. In this study radial forging process is simulated by a 2D finite element method (FEM) on a produced laboratory specimen (AL 6061) and the benefits of FEM simulation such as time and cost saving is scrutinized. The effective parameters for this forging process are die corner radius
 R), ring gap height (H), friction factor (m), work-hardening coefficient (n), die clearance and the speed of the punch. The effects of these parameters on the flange thickness ratio (h/H), the outer protruding shape ratio (D/D0), effective-strain, warping and reaction force are also investigated and results were compared with experiments and theoretical results to confirm the accuracy. It is shown that when the corner radius is larger, the outer protruding shape ratio (D/D0) is smaller, and vice versa and when the height of gap is larger the effective strain distribution is homogeneous and
flowing of material is easier. By increasing of friction factor the flowing of material becomes nonhomogeneous and D/D0 becomes smaller. Punch speed has limited effects on strains. Increasing die clearance has slight effects on reaction forces

جهت دانلود مجموعه مقالات فرآیند اکستروژن (Extrusion Process Lectures) برلینک زیر کلیک نمایید:

مجموعه مقالات فرآیند اکستروژن (Extrusion Process Lectures)